With globalization, Chinese society underwent rapid changes during the “Reform and Opening-Up” period, especially with the widespread use of the term “Made in China.” This term led to changes in visual habits, particularly in the landscapes of some major Chinese cities, such as quickly built skyscrapers and modern, attractive urban scenes. While these landscapes may reflect societal change, I believe they remain superficial. What is more crucial is the “internal” transformation. What is internal? It refers to changes in people’s concepts of survival and their ways of living. Therefore, I spent three years focusing on how these shifts in survival concepts influenced behavior in four of China’s most prominent cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, (which we now call “Bei,shang,guang,shen”), and recording them

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